Dynamometer

The wattmeter is an electrodynamic instrument for measuring the electric power or the supply rate of electrical energy of any given circuit. The device consists of a pair of fixed coils, known as current coils, and a movable coil known as the potential coil. The current coils are connected in series with the circuit, while the potential coil is connected in parallel. Also, on analog wattmeters, the potential coil carries a needle that moves over a scale to indicate the measurement. A current flowing through the current coil generates an electromagnetic field around the coil. The strength of this field is proportional to the line current and in phase with it. The potential coil has, as a general rule, a high-value resistor connected in series with it to reduce the current that flows through it. The result of this arrangement is that on a dc circuit, the deflection of the needle is proportional to both the current and the voltage, thus conforming to the equation W=VA or P=EI. On an ac circuit the deflection is proportional to the average instantaneous product of voltage and current, thus measuring true power, and possibly (depending on load characteristics) showing a different reading to that obtained by simply multiplying the readings showing on a stand-alone voltmeter and a stand-alone ammeter in the same circuit. The two circuits of a wattmeter are likely to be damaged by excessive current. The ammeter and voltmeter are both vulnerable to overheating – in case of an overload, their pointers will be driven off scale – but in the wattmeter, either or even both the current and potential circuits can overheat without the pointer approaching the end of the scale! This is because the position of the pointer depends on the power factor, voltage and current. Thus, a circuit with a low power factor will give a low reading on the wattmeter, even when both of its circuits are loaded to the maximum safety limit. Therefore, a wattmeter is rated not only in watts, but also in volts and amperes. Retrieved from â€Å"http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wattmeter† (A dynamometer consists of an absorption (or absorber/driver) unit, and usually includes a means for measuring torque and rotational speed. An absorption unit consists of some type of rotor in a housing. The rotor is coupled to the engine or other equipment under test and is free to rotate at whatever speed is required for the test. Some means is provided to develop a braking torque between dynamometer's rotor and housing. The means for developing torque can be frictional, hydraulic, electromagnetic etc. according to the type of absorption/driver unit. One means for measuring torque is to mount the dynamometer housing so that is free to turn except that it is restrained by a torque arm. The housing can be made free to rotate by using trunnions connected to each end of the housing to support the dyno in pedestal mounted trunnion bearings. The torque arm is connected to the dyno housing and a weighing scales is positioned so that it measures the force exerted by the dyno housing in attempting to rotate. The torque is the force indicated by the scales multiplied by the length of the torque arm measured from the center of the dynamometer. A load cell transducer can be substituted for the scales in order to provide an electrical signal that is proportional to torque. Another means for measuring torque is to connect the engine to the dynamometer through a torque sensing coupling or torque transducer. A torque transducer provides an electrical signal that is proportional to torque. With electrical absorption units, it is possible to determine torque by measuring the current drawn (or generated) by the absorber/driver. This is generally a less accurate method, but it may be adequate for some purposes. A wide variety of tachometers are available for measuring speed. Some types can provide an electrical signal that is proportional to speed. When torque and speed signals are available, test data can be transmitted to a data acquisition system rather than being recorded manually. Speed and torque signals can also be recorded by a chart recorder or plotter. ) Power in an electric circuit is the product (multiplication) of voltage and current, so any meter designed to measure power must account for both of these variables. A special meter movement designed especially for power measurement is called the dynamometer movement, and is similar to a D'Arsonval or Weston movement in that a lightweight coil of wire is attached to the pointer mechanism. However, unlike the D'Arsonval or Weston movement, another (stationary) coil is used instead of a permanent magnet to provide the magnetic field for the moving coil to react against. The moving coil is generally energized by the voltage in the circuit, while the stationary coil is generally energized by the current in the circuit. A dynamometer movement connected in a circuit looks something like this: [pic] The top (horizontal) coil of wire measures load current while the bottom (vertical) coil measures load voltage. Just like the lightweight moving coils of voltmeter movements, the (moving) voltage coil of a dynamometer is typically connected in series with a range resistor so that full load voltage is not applied to it. Likewise, the (stationary) current coil of a dynamometer may have precision shunt resistors to divide the load current around it. With custom-built dynamometer movements, shunt resistors are less likely to be needed because the stationary coil can be constructed with as heavy of wire as needed without impacting meter response, unlike the moving coil which must be constructed of lightweight wire for minimum inertia.

Jose Rizal

Definition of Measurement Measurement  is the process or the result of determining the  ratio  of a  physical quantity, such as a length, time, temperature etc. , to a unit of measurement, such as the meter, second or degree Celsius. The science of measurement is called  metrology. The English word  measurement  originates from the  Latin  mensura  and the verb  metiri  through the  Middle French  mesure. Reference: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Measurement Measurement Quantities *Basic FundamentalQuantity name/s| (Common) Quantity symbol/s| SI unit name| SI unit symbol| Dimension symbol| Length, width, height, depth| a, b, c, d, h, l, r, s, w, x, y, z| metre| m| [L]| Time| t| second| s| [T]| Mass| m| kilogram| kg| [M]| Temperature| T, ? | kelvin| K| [? ]| Amount of  substance, number of moles| n| mole| mol| [N]| Electric current| i, I| ampere| A| [I]| Luminous intensity| Iv| candela| Cd| [J]| Plane angle| ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? | radian| rad| dimensionl ess| Solid angle| ? , ? | steradian| sr| dimensionless| Derived Quantities Space Common) Quantity name/s| (Common) Quantity symbol| SI unit| Dimension| (Spatial)  position (vector)| r,  R,  a,  d| m| [L]| Angular position, angle of rotation (can be treated as vector or scalar)| ? ,  ? | rad| dimensionless| Area, cross-section| A, S, ? | m2| [L]2| Vector area  (Magnitude of surface area, directed normal totangential  plane of surface)| | m2| [L]2| Volume| ? , V| m3| [L]3| Quantity| Typical symbols| Definition| Meaning, usage| Dimension| Quantity| q| q| Amount of a property| [q]| Rate of change of quantity,  Time derivative| | | Rate of change of property with respect to time| [q] [T]? 1| Quantity spatial density| ? volume density (n  = 3),  ? = surface density (n  = 2),  ? = linear density (n  = 1)No common symbol for  n-space density, here  ? n  is used. | | Amount of property per unit n-space(length, area, volume or higher dimensions)| [q][L]-n| Spec ific quantity| qm| | Amount of property per unit mass| [q][L]-n| Molar quantity| qn| | Amount of property per mole of substance| [q][L]-n| Quantity gradient (if  q  is a  scalar field. | | | Rate of change of property with respect to position| [q] [L]? 1| Spectral quantity (for EM waves)| qv, q? , q? | Two definitions are used, for frequency and wavelength: | Amount of property per unit wavelength or frequency. [q][L]? 1  (q? )[q][T] (q? )| Flux, flow (synonymous)| ? F,  F| Two definitions are used;Transport mechanics,  nuclear physics/particle physics: Vector field: | Flow of a property though a cross-section/surface boundary. | [q] [T]? 1  [L]? 2, [F] [L]2| Flux density| F| | Flow of a property though a cross-section/surface boundary per unit cross-section/surface area| [F]| Current| i, I| | Rate of flow of property through a crosssection/ surface boundary| [q] [T]? 1| Current density (sometimes called flux density in transport mechanics)| j, J| | Rate of flow of pro perty per unit cross-section/surface area| [q] [T]? 1  [L]? | Reference: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Physical_quantity#General_derived_quantities http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Physical_quantity#Base_quantities System of Units Unit name| Unit symbol| Quantity| Definition (Incomplete)| Dimension symbol| metre| m| length| * Original  (1793):  1? 10000000  of the meridian through Paris between the North Pole and the EquatorFG * Current  (1983): The distance travelled by light in vacuum in  1? 299792458  of a second| L| kilogram[note 1]| kg| mass| * Original  (1793): The  grave  was defined as being the weight [mass] of one cubic decimetre of pure water at its freezing point.FG * Current  (1889): The mass of the International Prototype Kilogram| M| second| s| time| * Original  (Medieval):  1? 86400  of a day * Current  (1967): The duration of  9 192 631 770  periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom| T| ampere| A| electric current| * Original  (1881): A tenth of the electromagnetic CGS unit of current. [The [CGS] emu unit of current is that current, flowing in an arc 1  cm long of a circle 1  cm in radius creates a field of one oersted at the centre. 37]]. IEC * Current  (1946): The constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1  m apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7  newton per metre of length| I| kelvin| K| thermodynamic temperature| * Original  (1743): The  centigrade scale  is obtained by assigning 0 ° to the freezing point of water and 100 ° to the boiling point of water. * Current  (1967): The fraction 1/273. 16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water| ? mole| mol| amount of substance| * Original  (1900): The molecular weight of a substance in mass grams. ICAW * Current  (1967): The amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0. 012 kilogram of carbon 12. [note 2]| N| candela| cd| luminous intensity| * Original  (1946):The value of the new candle is such that the brightness of the full radiator at the temperature of solidification of platinum is 60 new candles per square centimetre * Current  (1979): The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540  ? 012  hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian. | J| Reference: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/International_System_of_Units Scientific Notation Scientific notation  (more commonly known as  standard form) is a way of writing numbers that are too big or too small to be conveniently written in decimal form. Scientific notation has a number of useful properties and is commonly used in calculators and by scie ntists, mathematicians and engineers.In scientific notation all numbers are written in the form of (a  times ten raised to the power of  b), where the  exponent  b  is an  integer, and the  coefficient  a  is any  real number  (however, see  normalized notation  below), called the  significand  or  mantissa. The term â€Å"mantissa† may cause confusion, however, because it can also refer to the  fractional  part of the common  logarithm. If the number is negative then a minus sign precedes  a  (as in ordinary decimal notation). ————————————————-Converting numbers Converting a number in these cases means to either convert the number into scientific notation form, convert it back into decimal form or to change the exponent part of the equation. None of these alter the actual number, only how it's expressed. Decimal to scientif ic First, move the decimal separator point the required amount,  n, to make the number's value within a desired range, between 1 and 10 for normalized notation. If the decimal was moved to the left, append  x  10n; to the right,  x  10-n.To represent the number 1,230,400 in normalized scientific notation, the decimal separator would be moved 6 digits to the left and  x  106  appended, resulting in1. 2304? 106. The number -0. 004  0321 would have its decimal separator shifted 3 digits to the right instead of the left and yield  ? 4. 0321? 10? 3  as a result. Scientific to decimal Converting a number from scientific notation to decimal notation, first remove the  x 10n  on the end, then shift the decimal separator  n  digits to the right (positive  n) or left (negative  n). The number1. 2304? 06  would have its decimal separator shifted 6 digits to the right and become 1 230 400, while  ? 4. 0321? 10? 3  would have its decimal separator moved 3 digits to the left and be-0. 0040321. Exponential Conversion between different scientific notation representations of the same number with different exponential values is achieved by performing opposite operations of multiplication or division by a power of ten on the significand and an subtraction or addition of one on the exponent part. The decimal separator in the significand is shifted  x  places to the left (or right) and 1x  is added to (subtracted from) the exponent, as shown below. . 234? 103  =  12. 34? 102  =  123. 4? 101  = 1234 Significant Figures The  significant figures  (also known as  significant digits, and often shortened to  sig figs) of a number are those  digits  that carry meaning contributing to its  precision. This includes all digitsexcept: * leading  and  trailing zeros  which are merely placeholders to indicate the scale of the number. * spurious digits introduced, for example, by calculations carried out to greater prec ision than that of the original data, or measurements reported to a greater precision than the equipment supports.Inaccuracy of a measuring device does not affect the number of significant figures in a measurement made using that device, although it does affect the accuracy. A measurement made using a plastic ruler that has been left out in the sun or a beaker that unbeknownst to the technician has a few glass beads at the bottom has the same number of significant figures as a significantly different measurement of the same physical object made using an unaltered ruler or beaker. The number of significant figures reflects the device's precision, but not its  accuracy.The basic concept of significant figures is often used in connection with  rounding. Rounding to significant figures is a more general-purpose technique than rounding to  n  decimal places, since it handles numbers of different scales in a uniform way. For example, the population of a city might only be known to the nearest thousand and be stated as 52,000, while the population of a country might only be known to the nearest million and be stated as 52,000,000. The former might be in error by hundreds, and the latter might be in error by hundreds of thousands, but both have two significant figures (5 and 2).This reflects the fact that the significance of the error (its likely size relative to the size of the quantity being measured) is the same in both cases. Computer representations of  floating point numbers  typically use a form of rounding to significant figures, but with  binary numbers. The number of correct significant figures is closely related to the notion of  relative error  (which has the advantage of being a more accurate measure of precision, and is independent of the radix of the number system used).The term â€Å"significant figures† can also refer to a crude form of error representation based around significant-digit rounding; for this use, see  signific ance arithmetic. The rules for identifying significant figures when writing or interpreting numbers are as follows:   * All non-zero digits are considered significant. For example, 91 has two significant figures (9 and 1), while 123. 45 has five significant figures (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). * Zeros appearing anywhere between two non-zero digits are significant. Example: 101. 12 has five significant figures: 1, 0, 1, 1 and 2. Leading zeros are not significant. For example, 0. 00052 has two significant figures: 5 and 2. * Trailing zeros in a number containing a decimal point are significant. For example, 12. 2300 has six significant figures: 1, 2, 2, 3, 0 and 0. The number 0. 000122300 still has only six significant figures (the zeros before the 1 are not significant). In addition, 120. 00 has five significant figures since it has three trailing zeros. This convention clarifies the precision of such numbers; for example, if a measurement precise to four decimal places (0. 001) is given as 12. 23 then it might be understood that only two decimal places of precision are available. Stating the result as 12. 2300 makes clear that it is precise to four decimal places (in this case, six significant figures). * The significance of trailing zeros in a number not containing a decimal point can be ambiguous. For example, it may not always be clear if a number like 1300 is precise to the nearest unit (and just happens coincidentally to be an exact multiple of a hundred) or if it is only shown to the nearest hundred due to rounding or uncertainty.Various conventions exist to address this issue: * A  bar  may be placed over the last significant figure; any trailing zeros following this are insignificant. For example, 1300 has three significant figures (and hence indicates that the number is precise to the nearest ten). * The last significant figure of a number may be underlined; for example, â€Å"2000† has two significant figures. * A decimal point may be placed afte r the number; for example â€Å"100. † indicates specifically that three significant figures are meant. * In the combination of a number and a  unit of measurement  the ambiguity can be voided by choosing a suitable  unit prefix. For example, the number of significant figures in a mass specified as 1300  g is ambiguous, while in a mass of 13  h? g or 1. 3  kg it is not. Rounding Off Numbers Rounding  a numerical value means replacing it by another value that is approximately equal but has a shorter, simpler, or more explicit representation; for example, replacing ? 23. 4476 with ? 23. 45, or the fraction 312/937 with 1/3, or the expression v2 with 1. 414. Rounding is often done on purpose to obtain a value that is easier to write and handle than the original.It may be done also to indicate the accuracy of a computed number; for example, a quantity that was computed as 123,456 but is known to be accurate only to within a few hundred units is better stated as â₠¬Å"about 123,500. † On the other hand, rounding introduces some  round-off error  in the result. Rounding is almost unavoidable in many computations — especially when dividing two numbers in  integer  or  fixed-point arithmetic; when computing mathematical functions such as  square roots,  logarithms, and  sines; or when using a  floating point  representation with a fixed number of significant digits.In a sequence of calculations, these rounding errors generally accumulate, and in certain  ill-conditioned  cases they may make the result meaningless. Accurate rounding of  transcendental mathematical functions  is difficult because the number of extra digits that need to be calculated to resolve whether to round up or down cannot be known in advance. This problem is known as â€Å"the table-maker's dilemma†. Rounding has many similarities to the  quantization  that occurs when  physical quantities  must be encoded by numbers orà ‚  digital signals. Typical rounding problems are pproximating an irrational number by a fraction, e. g. ,  ? by 22/7; approximating a fraction with periodic decimal expansion by a finite decimal fraction, e. g. , 5/3 by 1. 6667; replacing a  rational number  by a fraction with smaller numerator and denominator, e. g. , 3122/9417 by 1/3; replacing a fractional  decimal number  by one with fewer digits, e. g. , 2. 1784 dollars by 2. 18 dollars; replacing a decimal  integer  by an integer with more trailing zeros, e. g. , 23,217 people by 23,200 people; or, in general, replacing a value by a multiple of a specified amount, e. . , 27. 2 seconds by 30 seconds (a multiple of 15). Conversion of Units Process The process of conversion depends on the specific situation and the intended purpose. This may be governed by regulation,  contract,  Technical specifications  or other published  standards. Engineering judgment may include such factors as: * The  precision and accuracy  of measurement and the associated  uncertainty of measurement * The statistical  confidence interval  or  tolerance interval  of the initial measurement * The number of  significant figures  of the measurement The intended use of the measurement including the  engineering tolerances Some conversions from one system of units to another need to be exact, without increasing or decreasing the precision of the first measurement. This is sometimes called  soft conversion. It does not involve changing the physical configuration of the item being measured. By contrast, a  hard conversion  or an  adaptive conversion  may not be exactly equivalent. It changes the measurement to convenient and workable numbers and units in the new system. It sometimes involves a slightly different configuration, or size substitution, of the item.Nominal values  are sometimes allowed and used. Multiplication factors Conversion between units in the  metric system  can be discerned by their  prefixes  (for example, 1 kilogram = 1000  grams, 1 milligram = 0. 001  grams) and are thus not listed in this article. Exceptions are made if the unit is commonly known by another name (for example, 1 micron = 10? 6  metre). Table ordering Within each table, the units are listed alphabetically, and the  SI  units (base or derived) are highlighted. ————————————————- Tables of conversion factorsThis article gives lists of conversion factors for each of a number of physical quantities, which are listed in the index. For each physical quantity, a number of different units (some only of historical interest) are shown and expressed in terms of the corresponding SI unit. Legend| Symbol| Definition| ?| exactly equal to| ?| approximately equal to| digits| indicates that  digits  repeat infinitely (e. g. 8. 294369  corresponds to  8. 29 4369369369369†¦)| (H)| of chiefly historical interest| ASSIGNMENT IN PHYSICS I-LEC Submitted by: Balagtas, Glen Paulo R. BS Marine Transportation-I Submitted to: Mrs. Elizabeth Gabriel Professor in Physics-Lec Jose Rizal Write a reflection paper tracing the development of Rizal as a reformist who began to work for changes in his country using: a) one (1) work from Rizal As A Reformist b) the Noli Me Tangere Show also the significance of these works on Filipino society today and how it can change today’s trends. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa by Dr. Jose P. Rizal (keyword: love of country) Rizal’s Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa was written in 1882 when Rizal was 21 years old.Rizal was away in Spain for only a month, which may have inspired him to write this literature because he misses his homeland. This work of Rizal is a very significant work of Rizal as a reformist because it expresses his dear love for his native land. As he wrote this literature and felt his love for his country, he builds the foundation of him being a reformist because of the drive to fight for change. Through Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa, Rizal realizes how much he loves his country and that it has fallen into the wrong gov ernance and that this needs to be changed.Through the lines â€Å"Maging anuman nga ang kalagayan natin, ay nararapat nating mahalin siya at walang ibang bagay na dapat naisin tayo kundi ang kagalingan niya (referring to Philippines)† Rizal explicitly reveals his love for the country and expresses the importance to love and work for the betterment of our homeland. It can also be seen in these lines that even if he is out of the country studying, he will do his part as a Filipino to fight for the rights of every Filipino.Today, this work of Rizal may serve as a reminder for all the people in this country that being a Filipino calls for a duty to serve our native land and fellow citizens. If though Rizal’s work, Filipinos realize their duty as a citizen and love for their country, the Philippines would be a better place to live in and it would be easy to manipulate the society towards a progressive nation. Noli Me Tangere by Dr. Jose P. Rizal Rizal’s well-known no vel entitled Noli Me Tangere is one of his works that clearly expresses Rizal as a reformist.Rizal finished his first novel when he was at the age of 26 years old. The hero was penniless, good thanks to his friend Maximo Viola who supported him and shouldered the publication of this novel, the reason why we have a copy in our hands. In this novel, Rizal conveys his belief that education is very important and is an effective tool for reform in the country. Rizal was very brave to depict the issues in the Philippines such as corruption and oppression through the characters and storyline in his novel.The Noli Me Tangere was a very expressive move of Rizal to start the campaign for liberal reform for the country. In this book, Rizal shares his personal experiences at the harsh hands of the Spaniards, as well as experiences shared by his loved ones. Rizal’s brave soul to publish a novel containing these experiences and lessons, encourages Filipinos to be continuous is learning as he did. It again, boils down to his belief that education will strengthen one’s principles in life and even open your world to the experiences of other people.Until today, Noli Me Tangere and its sequel El Filibusterismo serve as an inspiration for writers to express through literature any present issues in the society. It also evokes the idea of liberalism in such a way that Filipinos has become open-minded to innovations and beliefs that will benefit the country. Most importantly, education is very well valued, as tool needed by every individual to help progress the country.

A Critique of the Movie, The Birdcage (La Cage aux Folles)

This film criticizes the gay couples of La Cage aux Folles who live in homosexual apartments, homosexuals' boys on homosexual nightclubs are in homosexual city. . . They need to organize it in one night. In 1996, La Cage aux Folles (French drama in 1978) was reinterpreted as The Birdcage by MGM, evolved with the times, redefined family values. We combine talent from Robin Williams (Armand), Nathan Lane (Albert), Hank Azaria (Agador) with writer Elaine May and director Mike Nichols. The movie is added to the story through the excellent uniqueness of each character and the content they bring to the screen. this There is no movie that better describes the energy and excitement of Miami in the 1990's like bird cage. In the vibrant story of the French farm in 1978, La Cage Aufoll, the story is focused on his plan to marry a middle-aged, luxurious homosexual couple's life, their son . Robin Williams and Nathan Ryan are shining under the guidance of Mike Nichols. Please visit Mississippi an d learn about personal cultural sympathies about ethnic tensions. This is also a proof of those who are unjustly brave. When Brett appeared in a cyber television documentary on his small town change, he became an unlikely activist to be a citizen. Premiere of Tribeca Film Festival by independent film director named Oscar, directed by Raymond De Felica This film criticizes the gay couples of La Cage aux Folles who live in homosexual apartments, homosexuals' boys on homosexual nightclubs are in homosexual city. . . They need to organize it in one night. In 1996, La Cage aux Folles (French drama in 1978) was reinterpreted as The Birdcage by MGM, evolved with the times, redefined family values. It combines talent with Robin Williams (Armando), Nathan Ryan (Albert) and Hank ... criticism of William  · Shakespeare's Mike  · White protagonist. I have never seen such a bad and impartial day. This is a famous quote from William Shakespeare's classic Macbeth tragedy Macbeth's opponent. Th is line occurred when Macbeth and Banco returned to the battle. Norwegian. Looking at it from the wider Macbeth 's victory and defeat, he went from the warrior hero to the murderer, and finally to his

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Evaluation of Health Promotion - Essay Example The comparison group was given minimal education on the same lifestyle changes through mail and group-counseling.† (301) A pre-test–post-test non-randomized experimental study design – the most common type of quasi-experimental study design – was used; it was found most effective in studying causal relationship between the intervention and whatever change transpires in outcome measures, thus providing strongest evidence for evaluation. Different research instruments were used to gather needed data: (1) pre-test self-administered questionnaires for the participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, medical history and self-reported lifestyle behaviours, specifically their individual dietary practices, physical activity, and smoking; (2) in-depth interviews and focus group discussion for the researchers’ better understanding of the participants’ behaviours and perceptions after the programme; (3) â€Å"anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist and hip circumference), blood pressure and biochemical measurements (fasting blood glucose and full lipid pr ofiles) were taken at baseline and at 6-month intervals for 2 years† (all italics mine) (302), with the total cholesterol level the main outcome measure, while the rest the secondary outcome measure. Data gathered were statistically analysed, preset at 0.05 level of significance: (1) ANOVA – â€Å"to evaluate changes in outcome measures,† (2) Hyunh–Feldt correction – â€Å"to correct for the violation of the assumption of sphericity (compound symmetry)†, (3) t-test – â€Å"to compare the baseline and the final readings,† (4) x2-test – to analyse categorical data. (all italics mine) (302-303) 1. There was a significantly reduced level of cholesterol for the intervention group (5.83 to 5.62 mmol/l), while an increased level for the comparison group (5.44 to 5.61

Roe v. Wade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Roe v. Wade - Essay Example To begin with, the ruling gave women the permission to have safe abortion on three grounds based on the stage of pregnancy. The ruling stated that during the first trimester of pregnancy, the decision to procure abortion remained with the pregnant woman’s doctor. On the other hand, during the second trimester, states would regulate abortion procedures by promoting their interests in the health of the mother, while during the third trimester, states would promote their interests regarding the potentiality of human life, and would thus be able to prohibit abortion, lest the mother’s life is in grave danger. The ruling had massive implication on the rights of women in the United States. As Nation Unies (2001) observes on their article on Abortion Policies, the right-to-life movement which initially was dormant, got an immediate rejuvenation with the ruling. The movement thereafter began a campaign that whose aim was to create as many legal barriers to abortion as possible. On the other hand, the abortion rights movement mounted a massive campaign for safe and legal abortion. Unah (2010) notes that the Roe v Wade ruling did actually empower the American women. In addition, he notes that it helped fuel feminist movements across the country and significantly helped solidify the social standing of women across America. Furthermore, a number of scholars are of the agreement that banning of abortion would be contradicting the Thirteenth Amendment, and that this would subject women to involuntary pregnancies. The ruling also stirred controversies between those who were pro-abortion and those who were against it. Faux (2001) notes that questions arose regarding the actual intention of the ruling, on why fetus at 28 weeks were considered more valuable than at 10 weeks, if the sole intention was to protect potential life. With the issue of viability still raging, feminists have

Ways which media covers european crisis today and before 5 years in Outline

Ways which media covers european crisis today and before 5 years in France, in Italy and in Greece - Outline Example stepped up its coverage in all three countries from issues like the Italian politic-financial crisis to the clashes that Greece continues to experience to this very day (Hawkes, 2011). On the other hand, the null hypothesis (h0) is that there have been little changes in the media coverage. Around the time of mid-2006 compared to present, there is a selective coverage of the news that was being reported to the masses due to some issues. The variables will be the number of articles and television air-time per sample media house at the same month five years ago compared to the current year. Research Questions Because of the magnitude of the media houses and the huge population, the paper will take any two leading media houses from each country as well as five media and financial analysts as the sample of research in the period. The three sample collection methods will include interviews, investigative documentaries as well as archive research of information. The research will aim at proving whether the position of the null hypothesis is true or not. European Journalism Centre, 2009, Covering The Crisis Conference: An EGC Interface Conference On The Role Of The Media In Coverage Of The Financial Crisis . [Accessed 14 Dec,

National Police Force Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

National Police Force Service - Essay Example They carry out different activities from prevention and investigation of crimes happening in the different localities mentioned above to enforcing laws, maintaining peace and order and provision of support of operation to the rest of the law enforcement agencies which need it. These police units also operate not only within their nation’s borders but abroad as well and link up with other law enforcement agencies. The war on drugs has been on the increase for quite a while now and despite all the efforts put by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), they have not yet been able to stop the drugs from entering he US borders and infiltrating the market all over the nation. Drug trafficking has become a menace in the country and dire measures need to be enforced if it is to be curbed once and for all. The same case is similar for terrorism cases. Since the 9/11 bombing in New York, all law enforcement agencies have been on the look-out for terrorists and terrorism activities. What is however evident is that the terrorists live within the neighborhood like normal citizens or are assisted by individuals who are inhabitants of the US. The only way to stop them is to identify them from their home and operational locations and this is possible through intense surveillance as well as regular patrols in neighborhoods. All this demands too much time and man power which these agencies from the Department of Homeland Security to the FBI and even CIA cannot offer.

Skulls identification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Skulls identification - Essay Example It also has larger teeth than those of modern humans and the jaw also lacks the projecting bony chin that is found in Homo sapiens. They had large supraorbital height since they had large orbits which suggest they had large eyes and visual cortices. Nuchal area height is small and this is as a result of the high condylar position. Condylar position is quite high and the reason as to why there is imbalance of the head. The taxonomic status of the Mystery skull # 2 is Homo erectus. This is so because the skull has a large face with low, sloping forehead and a massive brow ridge. It also has a broad and flat nose. The skull is also broad and long with sharp angles at the rear unlike the curve found in modern humans. The bones of the skull are very thick and formed a small central ridge, also called midline keel, along the top of the skull. The jaws are large and thick without pointed chin. The molar teeth have large roots which are decreasing towards a modern size. Other than the mentioned, the mystery skull #2 has a rounded skull, a steeper face, and smaller teeth that justify that it matches those of Homo erectus. In Homo erectus, the supraorbital height was enlarged though smaller than that of newly found skull which indicted they had small eyes. They have a well-developed opened masticatory apparatus which clearly define the nuchal area height. Though it had well developed nuchal musculature, th e balance of the head was still less perfect that it is today on modern humans. Condylar position is higher compared to that of Australopithecus aficanus because it has well developed nuchal area that can balance the head. The taxonomic status of the Newly Found skull is Australopithecus aficanus. This is so because the jaws and teeth are midway those of humans. The incisor and canine teeth are shorter and smaller. The gap (diastema) amid the canines and next teeth also shows that the Newly Found skull matches Australopithecus

The Process of Decision Making Essay Example for Free

The Process of Decision Making Essay Making tough decisions is a process that takes time and practice, knowing how to make effective decisions can make all the difference when facing a tough choice. About a year ago I decided to go back to college and finish my degree, and this is a choice I am very proud of. The steps to making decisions can be whatever the decision maker wants them to be, but there is a process to follow. The first thing I did was assessed the financial situation I am in and realized that it was never going to get any better if I did not do something about it, next I looked into different university’s and technical colleges, as well as kept in mind the hours I would be available to go to campus and attend lecture classes, I then realized that online campus was the best choice for me and my family I do not have to spend time away from them. That is when I made my choice to attend University of Phoenix, I then discussed my choice to my family to make sure I had their support and get any feedback. I then called the admissions department and enrolled, I really have not evaluated the results since I know this is the right thing to do and I can see the results. I feel that my process was very similar to the book my only difference was that I did not generate alternative solutions since going back to school was the only solution, and I did not evaluate the decision. I really do not think that the outcome would be any different if I used the steps the way they are in the book â€Å"(1) identify and diagnose the problem, (2) generate alternative solutions, (3) evaluate alternatives, (4) make the choice, (5) implement the decision, and (6) evaluate the decision† (Bateman Snell, 2011, pg. 89. )

Connectivity A Consumer Trend Marketing Essay

Connectivity A Consumer Trend Marketing Essay This project is in lieu of 50% of our grade. This report is based on connectivity as a consumer trend. It throws light on the history, evolution and future of connectivity as a trend. This report has been compiled by Athina DSilva (ID-101648277) and Callahan Brown (ID-101664347), under the supervision and guidance of Professor Noela Michael. C:Program FilesMicrosoft OfficeMEDIACAGCAT10j0287005.wmf CONSUMER TREND: CONNECTIVITY WHAT IS A CONSUMER TREND? According to ANDY HINES, it is important to keep track of consumer trends as it helps in providing a primer on the evolving global trends, and how these global trends further evolve in the future (Hines. A 2008, p23). The knowledge gathered from the study of trends can be put to use in terms of detecting threats, uncovering new opportunities, crafting strategies, exploring new market products and services and most importantly understanding consumer needs. Hence as defined by the English dictionary a consumer trend may be defined as consumer habits or behaviors that prevail among customers of a particular good or service. It is helpful to keep track of these trends as it not only help forecasters determine simply how much a particular group of customers buy a product or service but also how much they spend. Data collected by a trend forecaster may include information on how much a consumer uses a particular product/service, and how they communicate with their social network about that particular brand. In the year 2012, connectivity is said to be one of the consumer trends that is evolving and has already become a necessity to millions. An article by CHRIS FOX talks about the different trends that are booming which will continue to do so, but the overall theme of all these trends is connectivity. Chris Fox explains how, in spite of the business/electronics world becoming more and more complex by the day the consumers seem to be keeping up and adapting to these changes fast. Connectivity does not only define the internet but also branches out to entertainment connectivity such as television, cable or satellite TV. Then there are smart phones, ultra books, connected appliances, card less payments etc (Fox, C 2012, p 8-9) CONNECTIVITY AS A TREND: A higher emergence of new technology seems to be spanning the media, social space, internet and telecom; hence the digital consumer came in to being .consider the fact that the TV took 13 years, radio took 38yearsand the internet took 4 years to hit 50 million users; (Infosys, 2011). This not only shows us how technology is evolving rapidly but has also accelerated these changes in the digital landscape and how fast these digitally active consumers accept and embrace these changes with ease. Consumers have changed the way consumers make purchase decisions, communicate, respond and transact. INFOSYS analyzed this trend and the participants in the digital economy; they fully realized the need to place and make sure the digital consumers were at the core of their business. (Infosys, 2011) The landscape for wireless connectivity is evolving rapidly, and with these modifications come new challenges for delivering the best quality of consumer experience. Over the last few years there has been a huge growth in volume in terms of mobile data consumption not only by laptops and computers but also smart phones. Smart phones in particular, have seen a massive expansion in numbers with the smart phone forecasts to rise to approximately 64 percent of all cell phone sales in Western Europe by 2015. Public Wi-Fi networks have grown beyond expectations as well. For example -in the UK British Telecommunication plc has now over 1.5million public hotspots. (Orlandi, et al 2011, p1) Not so long ago customers were connecting to the internet via a dial -up connection modem. The birth of the broadband initially offered the advantages of high data rates as well as an always on connection. But now this so called broadband connection is not solely for using the internet but it also supplies its customers with high definition broadcast TV and enhanced telephone services. This offer goes by the name of Triple Play , this form of connectivity has already spread from The middle east to most European countries like France and is rapidly becoming the norm everywhere. (Hows, C 2006, p73) Figure 1: AOL BOX , Source : Hows, C (2006) FIGURE 1 depicts the Triple Play technology. The AOL box (figure 1) has a high speed ADSL 2+ modem and voice over IP capability. An Ethernet port allows a connection from the set top box to the TV thus providing their customers with high speed internet, a cable TV offer as well as n enhanced telephone line. ( Hows, C 2006, p73) WHATS BEEN INVESTIGATED AND FOUND OUT BY MARKETING THEORISTS ON CONNECTIVITY AS A TREND: The alignment between end-user products and services that accompany them is a key trend in this industry. This has been proved in the case of Apple computers Incs I pod i.e. a portable digital music player, which is integrated with I tunes music store. The development between the service and handset relationship has proved to be a success. Enabling the transfer of ringtones from a mobile operator to a mobile phone that can play it clearly is a powerful yet simple example of the service-to-platform convergence service. Facilitating this link between the 2 allowed mobile operators who deployed this service to generate revenue from each subscriber for services they subscribed to other than a voice connection as depicted in figure 2. Figure 2 : U.S. Mobile Phone Revenues ARPU: 1999-2010 Source: Scherf, K (2006) The figure above shows the gradual increase in the revenue from the year 2000 to 2010. Another example would be the sales of high definition television and the upgrade to a HD television service. A high definition display provides consumers will turn to a service provider such as cable, Telco (if available) or satellite in order to provide them with a broader content. certainly the era of antennas will facilitate over -the-air high definition of local channels, but the increasing consumer base (figure 3) indicates that they are paying for such services due to the fact that they are seeking more in terms of High Definition programming, half of them initiated this service last year . These are the trends that service providers are studying in order to help them determine how much high definition content to provide their customers with .The graph below shows the increase in the sales of high definition displays in the late 2006, where service providers will have an even larger base of potential high definition customers. Figure 3 : high definition TELEVISION SERVICES :SUBSCRIPTION AND INITIATION Source : Scherf, K (2006) Broadband And Conectivity: It had been said that the number of worldwide households that have broadband is expected to increase from 184 million at the end of 2005 and will move towards the mark of 400 million at the end of 2010. Each consumer will center on how effectively broadband carriers build enticing packages of services and enter the realm of experience providers. Consumer research showed that unique service offerings and good consumer support happen to be key variables in improving consumer satisfaction and retaining customers. (Scherf, K 2006, pp 4-5) Broadband Enabled Content: Households with a home computer and broadband connection drive a share of digital home services and product trends now. Although the lure of a broadband connections are faster e-mail and categories of media active consumers-those consumers that have invested heavily in online applications such as music, videos ,movies and photography already number in millions of households. Research shows that a prominent percentage of U.S internet users are now paying for these online content experiences as shown in Figure 4. As more consumers begin to use internet content services as complements to existing broadband, television and mobile phone subscriptions there is bound to be an expected increase in the number of users paying for these services as value- added -services rather than the stand -alone-subscription. Revenues in the U.S for such entertainment like music, movies, gaming and videos via the internet all of which can be enjoyed with a broadband connection at home on a computer was sai d to increase $11 billion annually by the end of 2010 ,which is quiet an enormous change. ( Scherf, K 2006, pp7-8) The figure 4 below shows the percentage of internet users that are 18+ and paying for their online content .the highest percentage of users use the internet for online music and is followed by pc gaming , online console gaming shows a still lesser percentage and the least number of users for online videos. Figure 4 : Percentage of Internet Users Paying for Online Content Source: Scherf, K 2006, pp7 Most of the services currently are PC based and with the consumers strong familiarity with the internet multimedia content and their increasing desire to enjoy video content on the television will increase the demand to bridge the solutions like todays digital media adapter or electronic devices with direct connection to the internet and their home networks( television).a good example would be the HOMEZONE SERVICE offered by AT T ,which includes the internet video offerings of AKIMBO ,this is defiantly one model that can lead to the success of connected entertainment experience that consumers crave for. ( Scherf, K 2006, pp7) Multimedia Networks: The market for linking a home PC to a CE device is quiet small as of now. Furthermore the market for the digital media adapters has not fared as well as it was hoped to have by many manufactures due to many challenges such as the high prices and the less-than -perfect connectivity issues. That being said, there is going to be an expected increase in consumer use of digital content in terms of both downloading and streaming due to the emergence of multimedia network i.e. PC-CE,as consumers seek ways to extend the means of entertainment beyond their home computers. For example the GLOBAL DIGITAL LIVING research identified a global base of households in millions that are potential buyers of atleast a point-to-point music distribution system as shown in the FIGURE BELOW. (Scherf, K 2006, p 14) Figure 5: categorize Global Digital Music Enthusiasts Source : Scherf, K 2006, p 14 Already over 500,000 XBOX users have linked their xbox to their home computer, including media center systems that are beginning to enter a large base of households worldwide. Another category of products to be watched in this area is the network attached storage media servers (NAS).these will be use to back up any digital content but will also enable its users to stream its contents in various ways in the comfort of their own homes. (Scherf, K 2006, p 14) HOW HAS THE INDUSTRY UTILIZED AND DOCUMENTED THIS TREND? From his key note for the manufacturing innovation conference in 2012 held in Orlando, Florida. Futurist Jim Carrol spoke about how manufacturing companies can add value to their product through intelligence and connectivity. He said connectivity is one of the leading trends which will define products through the next 10 years. According to Jim Carrol, everything around us is built to be plugged into everything else, the essence of the devices we used then has changed to what they are now. Since everything around us is driven by innovation and the need to improvise and innovate in order to be on top and increase business velocity and how connectivity as a trend is now the driving force or the core foundation to everything in our lives. ATT is in the process of developing clothing with in- built body sensors that keep track and monitor blood pressure, perspiration rates and other health indicators. The core foundation here reflects on connectivity, and is based on the idea where one small cell phone App tracks everything. This basically gives us an idea of the rapid pace of innovation in terms of connectivity. (Caroll, J 2012) HOW HAS THE INDUSTRY UTILIZED THIS TREND IN CREATING AND CHANGING THE MARKETING MIX? All of the changes above have all taken place one after the other over night and its very obvious that these changes in peoples lifestyles will also lead to changes in how organizations approach potential customers and sell their products. Since each product is unique and has different functions and different types of buyers companies have to come up with customized marketing mix for each product. V.I. THE MARKETING MIX DESIGNED KEEPING CONNECTIVITY- AS A CONSUMER TREND IN MIND WOULD BE AS FOLLOWS: PRODUCT- the means by which consumers create and share commercial and personal content, enjoy a variety of entertainment and programming Apps and enhance their productivity be it at home or on the go is evolving immensely as digital technologies are become more mainstream. We have now reached a point where the digital life style comprising the consumer activities mentioned above has become more of a reality now than ever. The last decade has seen a lot in in terms of solid activity and potential among multi- players in service delivery, development of software and platform design to address the growing consumer need for solutions in terms of enhancement of their life style and productivity application from broadband to new television services to portable music. (Scherf, K 2006, pp 5-6) The digital lifestyle market growth has largely been consumer driven and products and services have been acquired in piecemeal fashion. For instance, three-fourths of data networks in U.S households were purchased directly at retail by consumers, meaning it was up to them to decide if they had a need for network as in to share a single connection for instance; if the solution for their needs were based on social parameters such as reviews, performance and opinions from trusted and known sources; lastly if they knew how to install and configure the product. QUAD-PLAY BUNDLE is an example which includes mobile communication and entertainment services in their package. This part of the marketing plan also deals with product enhancement,in earlier times the mobile phone was nothing but a bulky voice transmitting device , now the headsets are sleek ,converged devices that not only help in transmitting or enabling voice communication but can also provide diverse experiences ,from camera li ke functions to video viewing capabilities etc. Since 2004 80% of mobiles in U.S markets have been camera capable pieces. Ever since the invention of cell phones with cameras, service providers have been offering attractive prices to entice their clients to buy a cell phone with a camera. This demand has further increased with the introduction of mega -pixel camera phones that promote services like photo sharing and printing. Also, SMS(short message service) have been futher enhanced with 2 way video calling . (Scherf, K 2006, pp 5-6 ) PLACE: with regards to connectivity there isnt a particular place that organizations can be specific of when it comes to marketing their product. They have to cover all area such as offices , homes and even connectivity on the go as people opt to stay connected even when they are travelling from one place to another be it through their lap tops ,I pads or even cell phones. The advent of the 3G technology is a good example of the know fact that people find it a necessity to be connected even when theyre on the move and hence the element of place in the marketing mix cannot be confined to 1 aspect but is has to cover all aspects of connectivity in terms of different locations. PRICE: with regards to the growing needs of consumers to stay connected, consumers are willing to pay any price to be connected at all times. Now service providers are coming up with reasonable packages for their clients to keep them connected. A good example is the etisalat triple play, (e-vision), black berry and I phone packages that are available. Fulfilling the requirement for end to end wireless applications for customers at low costs have been implemented. (ICRM India, 2012) PROMOTION: this is the most important element of the marketing mix. Service providers have various promotion methods to attract a strong client base and spread awareness of their product/service. Promotion methods include advertising via the television, magazines, internet, bill boards, and social networking sites, holding press conferences, appointing a brand ambassador to promote the product or service and lastly putting up official websites for the product. VI. WHAT ARE THE CONSUMER BEHAVIOR CONCEPTS IN TERMS OF CONNECTIVITY? MOTIVATION: connectivity has become a major delivery channel for all industries. It creates easy access and convenience for consumers, it has also emerged as one of the easiest and most opted means of increasing and improving business agility throughout the business world from customers, partners, employers, employees and suppliers. The fact that even though it is in so much demand by consumers it is very cost effective as suppliers have come up with various schemes and benefits and most importantly different forms of connectivity ,be it via 3G connections on cell phones, 3 in 1 modem that links TV, landline and broadband connection etc. (ICRM India 2012) CONSUMERS ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE TREND: based on research it has been said that connectivity (data networking) is become a success story on its own. Penetration of data networking has grown from 2.5 million in U.S households at the end of 1998 and has said to exceed 20 million today and also an estimated 80 million worldwide because it solved a couple of key problems such as allowing multiple users to access shared resources such as broadband. (Scherf, K 2006, p 12). All consumers have a positive attitude towards the trend .The only negative aspect of the trend is the risk of using the internet if people arent well educated in terms of using the internet for online shopping, or banking etc. BUYING AND DISPOSING OF THE TREND: According to an article posted by the official JIM CARROLL website, he talks about how connectivity has no end and how it will only keep evolving. Consumers opt to use the trend as they are extremely dependant on it in terms of easy access, quality of experience, delivery and pricing of the trend. Since most of the services are online ranging from household to electronics, medical equipment etc it is impossible for consumers to replace or give up this trend no matter what. He says according to research firm IDC internet trafficking will grow to 32% each year starting from 2010 2015 (Caroll, J 2012). Hence, it is practically impossible to dispose of this trend. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON THIS TREND: Connectivity has a customer base of active, assertive and active members identified by their craving for unique, participation and independence. This craving is motivated by several internal and external factors such as: Convenience and Personalization these consumers demand customized and personalized products and services and connectivity as a trend provides then with it. Entertainment and Experience consumers value innovative experiences and hence seeks to be engaged in it whenever they can this is also something connectivity provides its customers with. Peers Impact customers rely heavily on peer reviews for anything and everything. Secure and Easy purchasing customers want to make their purchases anywhere and at any time and in this point in time (digital age) access, speed and security is paramount and connectivity provides then with this satisfaction as well . ( Infosys 2011) Accountability and Transparency customers demand for integrity, honesty and accountability. V.THE IMPACT OF CULTURE AND SUBCULTURE ON THESE TRENDS: Culture and subculture do play an important role in this trend, it is known as consumer acculturation, it is a subset of socialization and acculturation. Consumer acculturation is only in terms of consumption processes. It can also be defines as a socialization process wherein an immigrant consumer learns the behaviors values, norms and attitudes of a culture that are not the same from their culture of origin ( T Ogden, Denise, R Ogden, James 2004, p4) Also a good example of culture and its effect on this trend is the fact that now technology is trending towards the production of more female friendly goods. Another example is now almost all countries have their online shopping site; these sites have the option of changing the display language to anything including a change in currency display. Also, one of the most obvious impact culture has on this trend is the change in language display on cell phones in any country in the world. Consumers can now choose to view their phone display in their preferred language at the click of a button. VI.CONCLUSION- HISTORY, EVOLUTION AND FUTURE OF THIS TREND: Connectivity has revolutionized the world of computers and communication and entertainment. The invention of telegraph, radio, telephone and computer are the level of such unparallel development of capabilities. Connectivity represents one of the most successful examples of the benefit of investment. Soon the trend of connectivity in terms of the internet, media, and phones was used by everyone. The commercialization of connectivity involved not only competitive development, private network services but also development of such sophisticated products that help people stay connected at all times (M Leitner, et al 2011). Connectivity is in so much demand that now it is not just a trend followed by millions but is also a necessity to most people specially in the health care sector. It is no longer only a means of networking and providing customers with entertainment and other services on the move or in the comfort of their homes but is evolved into becoming something people cannot function without. The future of this trend over the next 3 years is predicted by a trend forecaster, Jim Carroll by name. He described the trend to be never ending in terms of its evolution, and looking around us with the way we consumers behave towards this trend it is hard to say this is something we would give up or replace.

The United States Industrial Boom Essay examples -- American History,

After the Civil War had ended the United States had many challenges to face. There are a variety of factors that aided the country through the tough years that followed the war. The rapid growth of the United States helped to accommodate a large flow of immigration, and build an extremely powerful industrial infrastructure, as well as temper the hostility still present throughout the country. Trains, and eventually automobiles, opened the West to the rest of the country. People now had an escape from there lives in the East, and eagerly began to populate the farthest corners of the country. America was on its way to making an enormous impact on the world’s industrial market. Raw materials, new techniques in the workplace, a massive increase in the labor force, and numerous technological inventions all played integral parts in the United State’s economic and industrial boom. Large quantities of coal, iron ore, silver, and gold were discovered in various regions in the West. Lead, quartz, zinc, copper, and other precious metals were also found as new areas were uncovered. Around the mines and quarries gathered the workers of the sites along with their families. These people created towns known as â€Å"boomtowns†, which required transportation in the form of trains for their supplies. The same process happened with numerous other raw materials found in the country as well (Brinkley, 449). The agriculture, cattle, and sheep markets made many people large profits and, as with the stones and metals, relied on the railroad to bring the goods to the consumers. With the aid of the railroads there was an abundance of agricultural goods in the United States, â€Å"American commercial farmers, constantly opening new lands, produced much mor... ...in the United State’s economic growth. America used its massive reserves of raw materials to produce its way into the world industrial market. Railroads brought American settlers and adventurers across the United States to discover more raw materials as well as spread out the country's population from the crowded East. New technologies and innovations allowed for the manipulating of resources until they produced as much profit as possible. The concentration of power and monopolies required, and received, massive numbers of cheap labor. It was that very wealth the monopolies created that attracted millions of immigrants to this country to find work. A cycle of factors where every one played a part, some more crucial than others, yet equally dependent upon one another. This cycle fueled America’s industrial boom, and propelled it into the world’s industrial market.

Narcissism in John Milton’s Paradise Lost Essay example -- Milton Para

Narcissism in John Milton’s Paradise Lost When Eve eats the forbidden fruit of the Tree of Knowledge, her decision to tell Adam of her disobedience turns on two suppositions. If her transgression is kept secret from God, Eve's augmented knowledge might increase Adam's love for her, and perhaps cause her to be more equal or even superior to Adam. Even though Eve was created comparable to Adam as his helper, she refers to Adam as her "Author and Disposer." Furthermore, she says that while God is Adam's law, Adam is her law. Apparently, Eve chafes under this arrangement, as she wraps up her evaluation of not telling Adam of her sin with, "for inferior who is free?" However, her death is assured if God has seen her wrongdoing. In this alternative, God may provide Adam with another woman, rendering Eve extinct. Eve finds unendurable the possibility that Adam will father children with a new Eve. Eve's consideration of either alternative depends on her narcissism and her need to be loved, even worshiped. Milton's Eve, like Narcissu s, is infatuated with herself. Created in Adam's image, Eve draws Adam's love, his narcissism projected onto Eve. Inexperienced with women's wiles, uxorious Adam falls. Having created Adam in his own image, the Lord God commanded Adam not to eat of the Tree of Knowledge of good and evil. After the Lord God created Eve from Adam's rib, Milton's Adam warns Eve that the consequence of eating the tree's forbidden fruit will be the knowledge of death. From the Bible and Milton's text, it is apparent that Eve hears directly only from Adam about the forbidden fruit. It is significant that God sends Raphael to "converse with Adam," to warn him of the fall of Satan and his companions, and to alert Adam to the ... ...rcissism engenders the desire to be worshipped as a Goddess. Wanting deity for both, Eve chooses to induce Adam to eat because she is resolved that Adam shall share her fate. Eve's female charms seduce Adam. He desires Eve more than he loves God, and he eats freely of the fruit. Adam and Eve's ardour, once based on mutual respect, turns to carnal lust. God's Son berates Adam for subjecting himself to Eve's will. Why did Adam obey Eve, who is in no way superior to Adam in reason and other faculties of the mind? Adam has sinned against God; Eve has sinned against God and Adam. Only when Mary of the seed of Adam and Eve conceives the Son of God does God extend his grace to mankind, permitting narcissistic Eve and uxorious Adam's progeny to enter heaven. Works Cited and Consulted Milton, John. Paradise Lost. Ed. Merritt Y. Hughes. New York: Odyssey Press, 1962.

Moore’s Proposed Proof for an External World :: Philosophy Literature Essays

Moore’s Proposed Proof for an External World In his â€Å"Proof of an External World†, Moore puts forth several supported hypotheses in regards to the nature of the existence of things outside the self. Primarily, Moore discusses hands; his argument is that if he can produce two hands then it follows logically that two hands must exist. Furthermore, Moore puts forth the theory that if hands exist then this alone is proof of an external world. In opposition to Moore’s opinions will be found three main arguments: firstly that all of Moore’s evidence is based upon sensory input, secondly that the truth of one fact based on the truth of another fact forms an Epistemic Circle in this case, and finally that the evidence out forth by Moore, even if proved, does not necessarily prove the fact that he is attempting to prove. Moore’s â€Å"Proof of an External World† is based on the fact that he has two hands. Moore’s argument for the existence of these hands is as follows: I can prove now, for instance, that two human hands exist. How? By holding up my two hands, and saying, as I make a certain gesture with the right hand, >Here is one hand=, and adding, as I make a certain gesture with the left, >and here is another=. And if, by doing this, I have proved ipso facto the existence of external things, you will all see that I can also do it now in numbers of other ways: there is no need to multiply examples.1 Moore’s evidence for the existence of hands is based entirely upon data received from the senses, yet in no way at any time does Moore even put forth any proof in support of the assumption that his senses are indeed functioning correctly and are not in fact deceiving him. Take for example the argument put forth by Descartes that reads as follows: I will suppose therefore that not God, who is supremely good and the source of truth, but rather some malicious demon of the utmost power and cunning has employed all his energies in order to deceive me. I shall think that the sky, the air, the earth, colours, shapes, sounds and all external things are merely the delusions of dreams which he has devised to ensnare my judgment.

Contemporary Indian English Women Writers Essay

The book under review by Dr. K. V. Dominic has 27 essays by 24 eminent critics of Indian English literature on about 12 Indian English writers: novelists, and poets. There are four essays on Anita Desai, two on Kamala Markandaya, two on Kamala Das, three on Shashi Deshpande, two on Arundhati Roy, two on Bharati Mukherjee, one each on Jaishree Mishra, Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Kiran Desai, Smita Tiwari, Chandramoni Narayanswamy, and Charmayne D’Souza. There is also one article that makes a comparative study of world women poets. Linda Lowen and Jaydeep Sarangi interview respectively Sarojini Sahoo and Rizio Yohanan Raj. V. Ramesh has three and Sudhir Arora two articles in this anthology. Besides, there is also a ‘Preface’ by the editor, Prof. Dominic, doctorate on the fiction of RK Narayan, is, himself, a poet and critic of wide renown. The editor, in his ‘Preface’ to this book, is very clear about his perception about the Indian English women writers. He writes: â€Å"Indian writing in English is . . . both an Indian literature and a variety of English literature. It has an appeal both to Indians and English men† (v). He further adds: â€Å"Indian English women writers have made a phenomenal contribution to Indian literature as well as world literature. They are able to portray a world that has in it women rich in substance. The women in their works are real flesh-and-blood protagonists who make the readers look at them with awe with their relationships to their surroundings, their society, their men, their children, their families, their mental make-ups and themselves† (x-xi). Novelists & Story writers The book undertakes the study of 11 women novelists: Anita Desai, Kamala Markandaya, Shashi Deshpande, Arundhati Roy, Bharati Mukherjee, Jaishree Mishra, Jhumpa Lahiri, Githa Hariharan, Kiran Desai, Chandramony Narayanaswamy, and Charmayne D’ Souza. Among the four articles on Anita Desai’s fiction two are by V Ramesh and one each by Latha R. Nair and Sr. Sophy Pereppadan, V. Ramesh in one of his article traces the â€Å"Dravidian aesthetics† in her fiction from feministic stance. He concludes that women’s â€Å"faculty to endure the domestic injustice and the institutionalized tyranny unseat the myths of feminity, motherhood and marriage. This is . . . what the Dravidian culture is all about† (19). In the other, he studies Sita’s character as â€Å"The Paradoxical Psyche of an Archetypal Indian Woman† in Anita Desai’s novel Where Shall We Go This Summer? In this article, he infers that â€Å"Anita Desai undeniably divulges a co mmendable grasp of the quandary and dilemmas of woman and portrays her own vision of a variegated facet of woman in modern India and her fully stimulated feminine sensibility† (48). Latha R. Nair explores Desai’s novels in a quest to explicate â€Å"Locale as an Extension of the Self† and finds that â€Å"the locale or milieu becomes a commanding centre† in her novels. Her characters â€Å"are definitely apart (sic) [a part] of the locale, which reflects, expands and transforms their identity. It is not possible to free ourselves from this milieu which is an integral part of our psychological milieu† (9). Sr. Sophy Pereppadan digs deep into Desai’s novel Fire on the Mountain to trace her â€Å"alienation† and affirms that â€Å"Her desire ‘to be alone’ finds expression in her love for nothingness–an expression of nihilism. This is in some sense a ‘death-wish,’ which enjoys the devastation of the live world. She gratifies her craving for aloneness by annihilating everything existing . . .† (36). Shishu Paul tries, in his article, to show the impact of political upheavals on human relationships in Kamala Markandeya’s novel, The Golden Honeycomb. He affirms: â€Å"Markandaya has conveyed through this novel that freedom is universal basic [human] right which nobody should try to suppress. Humanity is all one: lack of love and understanding creates Chasm and conflict. The underlying theme is the doctrine that human nature, of whatever race or class is basically the same† (70). V. Ramesh, on the other hand, elucidates femin istic principles in Indian women in all novels of Markandaya in the present article. He posits: â€Å"Kamala Markandaya suggests that freedom is to be necessarily tempered with responsibility to achieve advancement and evolution. Her women are branded, though not for making comprehensive depiction but for offering an in-depth study of the human psyche enmeshed in the values of different hues–social, traditional and spiritual† (82). The book has three articles on the fiction of Shashi Deshpande: one each by Vincent Aerathu, Asha Susan Jacob, and G. Baskaran. Vincent Aerathu studies girl children in Deshpande’s novels, The Dark Holds No Terrors, A Matter of Time, Roots and Shadows, and The Long Silence. Aerathu writes that â€Å"Shashi Deshpande looks into the childhood of her female characters and shows how childhood experiences go a long way in determining or influencing their adult lives. She believes that childhood experiences are lasting and that they have a crucial role to play in the formation of a healthy personality† (140). But, â€Å"protagonists of Deshpande have deprived childhood, in one way or another. These deprivations in childhood, equip them with the power to fight and survive till the end† (149). Asha Susan Jacob divulges the â€Å"voice of the silenced† in her study of Despande’s novels. She concludes that â€Å"Each of the marriages is marked by silence† (151). In the evolution of their character, their â€Å"decision to break the silence is the first sign of liberation . . . . From a state of passive acceptance they move to active assertion. By refusing to succumb to societal pressures and by creating space within the matrix Deshpande women succeed in establishing their identity by expressing themselves† (164). G. Baskaran tries to explain incoherent and loosened relationships in her reading of Shashi Deshpande’s â€Å"Wingless Angels† and â€Å"Amputated Mothers† in her short stories from Collected Stories Vol. I. She reveals in her s tudy: â€Å"The aspirations of almost all the young girls of Deshpande’s short stories go unfulfilled because of the difference in the mental make-up between persons of different generations. This causes a heavy blow to the parent-daughter relationship precipitating alienation† (178). Premlatha Dinakarlal and K. Nirmala in their respective articles study â€Å"Subaltern Voices† and â€Å"A Layman’s Study in Psychology† in Arundhati’s novel The God of Small Things. While Premlatha Dinakarlal suggests: â€Å"Indian government must work to remove traditional practices that subordinate women . . . to establish gender justice and ensure dignity and self-respect to which women are entitled† (185). K. Nirmala holds: â€Å"Arundhati Roy’s exceptional ability to get into the disturbed psyche of the different personae is indeed commendable . . . . The psychology of the characters reveals an unusual mental make-up that motivates their behaviour in times of stress† (187). Eliza Joseph and Lata Mishra study Bharati Mukherjee’s novels Desirable Daughters and Jasmine respectively. Eliza Joseph, in her article ‘Perspecti ves on the â€Å"Mestiza† Consciousness: Bharati Mukherjee’s Desirable Daughters,’ infers that â€Å"Desirable Daughters proclaims that both expatriates and immigrants cannot sever themselves entirely from their cultural roots and their ethnic past† (209). Lata Mishra concludes: â€Å"Cultural fusion in the novel is thus a placing of the protagonist as a subject in control and as an agent of the re-building of the Self. The protagonist is not affixed to any fixed or single identity since she discovers no fixed roots to cling to. Instead of anchoring to a final selfhood she cannot help but shuttle among temporary identities in different spaces in different times, one after another† (219), in her article, â€Å"Representing Immigration through the Logic of Transformation: Bharati Mukherjee’s Jasmine.† Joji John Panicker examines cultural elements of the Marar community in Jaishree Misra’s Ancient Promises. Panicker observes: â€Å". . . the ways she (Jaishree Misra) presents the culture and customs of the Marars makes the book certainly remarkable and realistic. The people, their ways and the age-old adherence to tradition are all to be seen and felt in Ancient Promises. . . . Misra has successfully portrayed the tradition and customs of the Marar community† (232). S. Vasigaran writes that â€Å"Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni is concerned with the dialectics of the women immigrants’ experiences in the American soil whose prospects are repressed by the Indian tradition† (236). The critic has chosen only two stories â€Å"Clothes† and â€Å"The Word Love† from her book. Arranged Marriage, for her study in the paper and concludes: â€Å"These women have finally chosen American individualism eschewing their deep-rooted loyalty to their cultural tradition because they feel that they have been encumbered by their tradition instead of being inspired and encouraged by it† (242). Sandip Guha Roy & Joydeep Banerjee have studied the conflicting positions in Jhumpa Lahiri’s novel The Namesake to conclude that â€Å"Immigration to an alien world today is not as equivalent, not as dreaded as being uprooted–as it had been so many decades ago . . . the psychological effects of the change in culture as a consequence of dislocation pervades strongly. †¦ As cultures superimpose upon each other, they smear the life-fabric of transnational migrants indelibly, perhaps, producing more denizens of a global community like the protagonists in The Namesake† (260-61). Lata Mishra in her article on Lahiri’s fiction deduces: â€Å"Lahiri’s women are not the silent sufferers. In fact in their silence and their power to continuously reassess the cross cultural mores improve their own as well as the lives of their close ones . . . . Outwardly these characters may seem to be powerless in Western society but actually these characters are gifted with remarkable inner adaptability and yet not over-assimilatory nature† (273). Avis Joseph thoroughly examines Githa Hariharan’s novel, The Thousand Faces of Night, to study the muddle of human relationships and believes Hariharan has â€Å"succeeded in tracing the battles of woman in her relationship with man and society, not to urban existential angst but to times immemorial† (280). Chithra PS studies Kiran Desai’s The Inheritance of Loss from post-colonial perspective. Chithra concludes: â€Å"in the postcolonial era, Indians have learnt how to curse in a foreign language. The foreigner has taught the language and now the Indians are using that language to disgrace the very same people who taught them that language† (291). PCK Prem, in his study of Chandramoni Narayanaswany’s novel, The Karans of Penang, in the background of freedom struggle, and she depicts the physical and psychological suffering of her characters. Ms Narayanswamy, retired as an IAS of Orissa cadre, now lives in Bhubaneswar. Prem scrutinizes: â€Å"Apparently The Karans of Penang appears a sensitive love story but deep down it is an engrossing tale of people who suffered during the freedom struggle and this lofty backdrop affords characteristic distinction to the entire pattern of story telling† (299). Poets There are four articles on women poets by Lakshmishree Banerjee, V. Alexander Raju, and two by Sudhir K. Arora. Banerjee’s article is a comparative study of world women poets, which a little bit goes beyond the scope of the book. The critic â€Å"seeks allowances to cross the borders of Time and Space and venture into the pulsating infinity of Women Poetry† (86). In her paper, she has encompassed the works of Emily Dickinson, Kamala Das, Nolene Foxworth, Julia Kristeva, Arlene Zide, Sarojini Naidu, EB Browning, Christina Rossetti, Amy Lowell, Edith Sodergran, Sylvia Plath, Mamta Kalia, Florence Howe, and many more. She comments: â€Å"Despite the disparities of culture, creed and colour, Women Poetry stands out as an intense, trailblazing experience of human living, as an endless river pouring into a limitless ocean of multi-hued vibrancies . . . . These poets are fast becoming the uncompromising voices of all-embracing truths, tender as well as acerbic in the impacting lyricism of their human language. Ambivalances, contradictions as well as poise, playfulness and affirmativeness characterize these creations as the New Poetry of a New Dawn of human civilization† (100-01). Sudhir K Arora’s analyses of Smita Tewari’s Hourglass and Charmayne D’Souza’s A Spelling Guide to Woman are quite penetrative in approach. In his article on Smita Tewari, Dr Arora observes: â€Å"Indeed, Smita Tewari’s ‘Poetic Self’ has made a spiritual journey successfully† to realize â€Å"some new aspects which she never experienced before . . . . Her verse is cathartic in nature† (298). In his article on D’Souza’s poetry, he finds it different. He comments: â€Å"Charmayne D’Souza has given voice to feminine sensibility making women realize their identity. She has endevoured (sic) her best to make the male world feel that a woman is not mere possession but is a person who has her own individuality. . . . She has written a new script through A Spelling Guide to Woman with the hope that women will realize their own role in shaping the life of men and there is nothing wrong if they ask for legal space encroached by men† (328). Interviews The book also has two interviews by Linda Lowen and Jaydeep Sarangi with Sarojini Sahoo and Rizio Yohannan Raj respectively. Sarojini Sahoo is a feminist writer. Her novels and short stories treat women as sexual beings and probe culturally sensitive topics . . . . Her writings deal with feminine sexuality, the emotional lives of women. Her blog, Sense & Sensuality, explores why sexuality plays a major role in our understanding of Eastern feminism–writes Linda Owen. Sahoo, herself, tells Linda: â€Å"In my various stories I have discussed lesbian sex, rape, abortion, infertility, failed marriage and menopause . . . . But still I believe someone has to bear this risk to accurately portray women’s feelings–the intricate mental agony and complexity which a man can never feel–and these must be discussed through our fiction† (122). The second review by Jaydeep Sarangi with Rizio Yohannan Raj, who has only one collection, Eunuch, of her poems published; t he other, Naked by the Sabarmati and Other Poems awaits publication from Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi. In this interview she tells of her Self, intrusion of Mumbai, her poetics, negotiation about the composite web of subjectivity, her bi-lingual ability, and the title of her first book Eunuch. She tells the interviewer bout her poetic vision: â€Å"Everything that I have experienced in this world has in some way contributed to what may be called my ‘cross-border’ vision† (252). I would also like to comment about the glaring proof-reading mistakes, leaving aside the text (as is evident in two of the quotes of this review and pointed there), in the very titles of the articles by Vincent Aerathu [â€Å"Girld† for Girl] (139)] and Sudhir K. Arora [â€Å"Woan† for Woman] (321)]. These offset the readers and also question the quality of the publication. In nut shell, the book presents established and the new authors side by side. This is a welcome step in Indian English literature; for, the critics and editors of older generation considered new writers as somewhat untouchable and nourished a bias in their minds against them. However, I believe while the earlier, pre-Independence writers struggled with their sensibility in a foreign tongue and tried to be English in their writings, the contemporary writers have taken it as a hobby to express their views in not the King’s English, but in the Indian English, a different label given and accepted in the world dictionaries. Indian English is certainly different from the other Englishes of the world. I hope it will be well received by the students and scholars of Indian English literature.

”Ernie Breaks” by Genevieve Scott Essay

The short story †Ernie Breaks† by Genevieve Scott is about ten year old Cara, who lives with her mother and her older brother, Jed. The main themes in the short story are responsibility and expectations. It can be elaborated to what you have to do, so you can live up to challenges you are approaching, and to succeed something that you are contemplate responsible for. Sometimes you cannot determine the expectations people have for you, or the responsibility is just too big for your shoulders. Another perspective is other people can also set question marks about the expectations they have for you, or sometimes your effort is just not enough to fulfill other people’s expectations. Shortly to sum up the themes, the story reflects a regular problem concerning too high expectations and responsibility for young people. At the end of every school semester their mother always buys them a passing present. The two siblings want a puppy, but their mother says it requires too much time. Instead, they got a turtle to share. The turtle is named Ernie. The theme and the central ideas are mostly told through the narrator, Cara. She is a young and precarious girl who lives with her mother and brother. She is not very intelligent, for example line 85-87 â€Å"I don’t understand why we have to learn about broken numbers. If something is broken, it’s wrecked and useless anyway. If it’s not your fault that it’s broken, you usually don’t need to care about it† This quote can be referred to the whole story, especially the last sentence when she kills the turtle. The expectations and responsibility for Cara is visible, because she is meant to take care of Ernie, but accidentally kills him by dropping him on the floor. Even though she kills him, Cara did not say a word to her mother, therefore the mother believes she has accomplished her responsibility for Ernie. It is easier for Cara to not tell the truth then admitting she failed her mother’s expectations. In addition to the quote’s last sentence, she says herself that if it’s not your fault that it’s broken, you usually don’t need to care  about it. In this case, it is her fault that â€Å"it’s† broken, consequently she should take care of it. She contradicts her self by not telling the truth. Cara’s relationship to her brother is like every other sibling relationship. They are not nice to each other, but at the end of the day, they have each other’s back. Jed is the one who get to keep Ernie in his room, but they shared playing with him fifty-fifty. Since they both are allowed to play with him, the responsibility is also equally shared. In the text Jed acts tough in front of his friend, Toby by ignoring his little sister. For instance in the text line 116-120 â€Å"I look at Ernie’s tiny, twitching legs and I feel like I’m going to be sick. â€Å"Don’t do it, Jed!† I say, â€Å"You’ll hurt him† Jed looks up at me, hair hanging over his eyes. â€Å"Private property† He says. â€Å"You’re being mean,† I say. â€Å"Don’t be so gay† Toby says. â€Å"Turtles don’t feel anything. They have shells† This quote shows that she wants to get his attention, and feels sad because he does not listen to her. A typical older brother, who tries to be cool and act tough in front of his friends. Jed also fails the expectations his mother have for him because he played with Ernie’s little life in a short string. The symbols in the text are clearly more or less. Firstly, the turtle symbolizes responsibility the two siblings need to take care of. The mother trusts them by giving them a pet, so they can share about the responsibility, but unfortunately ruins it. They do not tell her anything that has been going on while the mother is away. This shows the lack of responsibility of Cara and Jed. Another symbol can be Quit4Life, an organization that helps people stop smoking. Their mother is attending to their â€Å"get together†, but secretly she still smokes. That means she is lying to Quit4Life and the same is her children, when Ernie dies. That cannot be a coincidence. It is all about social heritage. The way their mother is in the society will eventually reflect on her children. She is their everyday role model. They look up to her, and since she is lying to other people, why shouldn’t the children lie.

English As A Second Language Program Essay

An ESL or English as a second Language program, as the name suggests is for students or people in general who do not speak English as their first language and have an interest in learning this language for certain reasons which may range from applying to a college or university in United states or elsewhere or they would want to get accustomed to this language for the purpose of conducting business overseas, for communication with peers at work or it can be for the simple reason of communicating with people at different situations. In this article we are going to focus on ESL programs for students at a school district, comparing and contrasting on the ways they are executed and the ways they should be executed. English as a Second Language programs for students are offered to students by either scheduling classes in between their regular course classes or they can be undertaken as a separate programs by certain individuals who are accommodated in the vicinity of the university. Today, since the ratio of international students is increasing at an alarming rate in United States or Canada, offering an ESL program is more of a legal requirement for most districts so that all students are taken forward together at university or when they enroll into one in future. It is also due to this very fact that a lot of emphasis is given to ESL programs at elementary and middle school levels to prepare students to use English as a channel of communication in future. The execution and the effectiveness of these programs however, vary with different school districts depending upon trained teacher, the program and the dedication of the students themselves. The duration and intensity of an ESL program varies with the individual or university requirement and can be full time or part time, ranging from a couple of weeks to even a year. These details as mentioned do differ, so for example the ESL program offered at the Greenwich public school which aims at providing students academic and communication skills In order for them to succeed in U.S universities as effectively as possible. The elementary school offers this program for an average 2- 4 years with one to eight hours of instruction every week depending upon the grade and language individual needs of students. The school also focuses on very small groups and emphasizes individual attention to students to better understand their weaknesses and fill I the gaps. The Greenwich Public School district has been offering ESL programs for the past 28 years and has seen an influx in the number of ESL students over the years. In the year 2004-05 approximately 731 students enrolled in the program altogether from 54 countries. The elementary school curriculum includes a variety of materials according to student needs such as work books, songs, CD’s, learning of poems, class presentations etc. this program is more content based   and strong emphasis is give on the reading aspect in this program.   The program is organized around themes and aims at teaching critical thinking along with language skills to enable success in mainstream class rooms. In more specific terms this ESL program for elementary students includes Theme based English series which includes work books, posters etc. Group activities (theme based) which tend to explore literature along with songs, activities, TPR games etc. Miami Linguistics, which are designed for ESL beginners in a sequential reading manner. In Greenwich Public School, after completing the elementary school program after reaching grade 2 or grade 3, ESL students are expected to formulate questions, read outside of class, compare materials in a text and also contrast them. They are also able to express a story in their own words with proper understanding and expressions, write small paragraphs and initiate conversations. After completing the basic ESL program for elementary school, students can decide to move out of the program or advance to higher level middle school ESL program, which has its own curriculum and particular hours to be covered aimed at developing proficiency in English language. Placement in this program is based on entry tests and educational history. After looking at the details of different ESL programs offered by various institutes, if one actually compares them with reality, one can say that ESL programs put students under a lot of stress as they try to achive excellence in a second language, therefore recreational facilities should be made affordable, also the students should be encouraged to mingle with American students in order to culturally adjust with them   and pur into practice all the theories they have learnt in   class. Also one of the most important things which teachers for this program need to understand is that students enrolled in an ESL program come from very different backgrounds and cultures, therefore the same methodoligies cannot be applied across the board for teachin purposes. Students must be carefully monitered and encouraged to use their strengths to achive succcess in the course.   (Currie, 2003) If one compares the ESL program offered by greemwich Public School with other ESL programs offered, we can say that most ESL programs are similar in conducting theme based activities, which can be selected by asking students what they want to say, moulding the curiculum in children’s interest. Also at this stage most ESL programs are content based, songs are also one of the important keys to success in most ESL progrms. One of the methods which can contribute towards the improvement of an ESL program at Greenwich is that revision of matrial is very important before every new leson taught, this can be best achived with the help of songs before proceeding forward. Each lesson should be broken down into three to four parts, starting with warm up and revision of previous material, then teaching new lesson, for example new vocabulary words etc, the third part should incorporate games or activities t practice the new lesson and the ending of a esson sholud be on a happy thankful note, referably a song. This approach has been teted at ther ESL program and has proved to be very succesful. Different approaches to learning can be adressed thorough ESL games, making learning lessions fun and more effective. Depending on the students theses ESl games can vary from auditorylearnig style in which games involve more listening through peoms or repitation etc. Visual ESL styles ca be used for students who are more comfortable with videos of games involving flash cards etc and finally tactile learnig styles can be used in which â€Å"touch† are used.   (Vernon) In conclusion, if the current ESL program in a School district is evaluated in terms of the comparisons and details mentioned above,   I would say that diverse approach towards the students is missing and teachers are adopting   a homogenous method towards all students. In my opinion more effort needs to be diverted in this angle where different games and teaching styles are used after analysing the capabilities of students and more emphasis should be place on practical learning.